Juris Doctor, Honoris Causa, University of Helsinki, 2010

Ph.D., Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, 1984

J.D., magna cum laude, Harvard Law School, 1980

M.A.L.D., Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, 1979

A.B., with honors, Brown University, 1976